Friday, December 14, 2012

Section 7 -Evidences of mere opportunity in Rape cases- Why women choose not to report nor go to court when they are being raped?



Literally millions of women are raped each year, but few rapes are reported- perhaps 4-5% or even less.-Laura "RAPE" December 2012 , The Centre For Development


Under Section 7 of the Evidence Act 1950, 3 categories of fact are said to be relevant:
(a) Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect, immediate or otherwise, of relevant facts or facts in issue;
(b) Facts which constituted the state of things under which they happened; or
(c)Facts which afforded an opportunity for their occurrence or transaction.

Today, I will discuss on (c) facts which afforded an opportunity for the occurrence or transaction.
Basically, evidence of mere opportunity cannot amount to corroboration unless it is supplemented by proof of circumstances of such a nature as to lead to the inference that it was probable that advantage would be taken of the opportunity. In other words, although opportunity itself is a relevant fact, it cannot be a piece of admitted evidence in court by itself. The facts which afforded an opportunity for the occurrence /transaction is closely related to Rape cases because in most rape cases, it is actually utmost difficult for the victim to provide evidences, likewise other criminal cases such as robbery (the weapon/ stolen goods) and murder(the dead body weapon).Even if the fact shows that there is an opportunity for the rape case to be taken place, this fact cannot amount to corroboration if there is no any other supported evidence. Therefore, in rape cases, the accused can always easily raise doubt and get acquitted.

In Aziz Bin Muhamad Din v PP,the accused and the victim spent the night in a house owed by A. A went out on the night where the rape was alleged been taken place, and when A came back on the following morning, the victim and the accused already wake up and was having breakfast. The situation clearly afforded an opportunity for a rape case to occurred  However, the court held that although it constitutes evidence of opportunity, it is setted law that evidence of mere opportunity, without more, cannot amount to corroboration. There is uncertainty and doubts in the medical evidence. 2 different medical evidences show that (i) the victim had old multiple tears in her hymen and it was one week old, (ii) the old tear in the hymen was between 48 hours-3 months old. Augustine Paul JC stated the medical evidence which corroborates the evidence of the complainant would have constituted supplementary evidence. But, in this case, the only available evidence is that of mere opportunity which cannot amount to corroboration of the evidence of the victim. Therefore the accused was accquited.

We have to distinguish rape cases with other crimes where the evidences are hard to adduced to the court plus the consent of the victim is difficult to be determine. Normally, in rape cases, the victim would not go directly or immediately to the police station to lodge a report because they were under trauma, agony and shock. Some of them do not go to the police because they are too ashamed or to avoid unpleasant encounters with the police officers. In fact, some of the victims are threaten by the rapist to not report to police. In all circumstances above, it may cause delay to provide evidence especially if the victim had bath and clean their bodies. It is also wrong for the court to rely solely on medical evidences because there might have several different tears in victim's hymen due to previous sexual intercourse with their husband.

To avoid failure to prove a rape case, most of the victims choose not to make police report. In situation where the accused is acquitted, women who are raped are consider the criminals, as though they brought it on themselves and are thus gulity of 'seducing the man', even if this was not true at all. One example is where Lord Campbell-Savours, the Labour peer, used parliamentary privilege to identify a woman during a debate on rape legislation in the House of Lords, describing her as 'a serial and repeated liar' after a man initially found guilty of a sex attack on her had his conviction overturned. Her identity was later published in the Daily Mail. And there is example where the victim was arrested for perverting the justice after report that she was been raped.(***please refer article :"If I get raped today, I would not report it" by Julie Bindel, 25/10/2006) These are why woman choose not to go to the police and court even if they were raped because they are afraid of a greater hurt.

It is true that the evidence of mere opportunity should be taken with extra care in order to avoid fabrication of evidence and it is no doubt that it is the duty of the prosecutor to prove beyond reasonable doubts in all criminal cases. Anyhow, something has to be done as we can see the law may no longer guarantee justice and the safety of the woman. It is undeniable that the evidence of mere opportunity should corroborate with supplementary evidence, however judges has to be caution towards the fact of each cases in order to give faith in society toward our legal system.

***http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2006/oct/25/penal.crime




6 comments:

  1. The evidence of opportunity should be supplemented by proof of circumstances of such a nature as to lead to the inference that it was probable that advantage would be taken of the opportunity. Hence, the judges should take the same level of care on the evidence of mere opportunity regardless it is rape case or not. This is because the evidence of mere opportunity should corroborate with supplementary evidence and the same principles apply even though it is in a rape case.

    The problem itself is not on the law but is the mindset of the community. The society should change their perception towards the rape victim so that they can bravely take the initial steps to defence their rights. In other words, the society or specifically the media should provides a platform of encouragement and not a platform to disclose their scar of unpleasant past. In short, the society got to change but not the law.

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    1. Sing Ghee, thanks for your comment.
      I really agree with you that society plays a very vital role in this issue, especially your view that the society or the media should provide a platform of encouragement .
      That is also the ground that I write on the rape issue, because the law and the society actually walk in line.
      Like I have stated, it is no doubt that he evidence of mere opportunity should be supplemented by other evidences.But we could not denied the fact that most of the rapist is eventually acquitted because lack of evidences.
      I do not intend to say the standard of the opportunity should be reduced, but maybe there will be some exceptions added in in the future due to society needs. And I believe the reason judges are given discretion is because there is not a fast and harsh rule in judging one kind of crime, because fact of every each cases differ from each other.

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  2. Perhaps it would not be right to set different standards for different crimes when it concerns the issue of opportunity. And perhaps it is easy to say judges have discretion but they are still very much bound by the law. If I may, I would suggest that the legislation of Malaysia come up with a different set of laws to protect females, or even the right of victims of crimes. Maybe that way, enforcement would be more effective.

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  3. hi fuiyen. interesting post. but i am curious. what if there was an opportunity with corroborating evidence but this opportunity and evidence were set up by the victim? say, there was a lady, purposely made a man drunk. At that night, everyone saw that particular man drunk and had some impolite gestures. he went back with the woman and then the next day he was accused for raping the lady. but in fact, that was a conspiracy between the lady and some other party to set the man up. would the man be charged for this guilt? if the court realized that this is actually a trap but the fact is that man did have sexual actions with the "lady" and she is underage, would him be brought into justice as well?

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  4. Thanks for your question, peng keong.
    In your circumstances above, if the evidence of opportunity is supplemented by other corroborating evidence( ex. eye witness or medical report), the evidence of course would be admitted by court.
    However, to prove rape case under Penal Code s375, one of the ingredient is the consent of the victim. in you case, if it is show that the lady is consented for the whole incident, then even if the sexual intercourse was proven, that would not be a rape case. However, if the lady is under age, this would be a statutory rape, and the consent of the victim is no longer material to prove a rape case. Therefore the accused will be punished under S376 of the Penal Code Malaysia.
    Hope I clear your doubt.=)

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  5. Interesting post! I really enjoyed the reading!!

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